Ungulates (Ungulata)

American bison (Bison bison)

Behavioral habitat selection of wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in boreal forests (Hecker, L.J. et al., 2022)

Reintroducing bison results in long-running and resilient increases in grassland diversity (Ratajczak, Z. et al., 2022)

Complex tactics in a dynamic large herbivore–carnivore spatiotemporal game (Simon, R.N. et al., 2019)

Ecosystem engineering by bison (Bison bison) wallowing increases arthropod community heterogeneity in space and time (Nickell, Z. et al., 2018)

Influence of group size on the success of wolves hunting bison (Macnulty, D.R. et al., 2014)

Gray wolf (Canis lupus) predation and scavenging of reintroduced American bison (Bison bison) in southwestern Yukon (Jung, T.S., 2011)

Coyote, Canis latrans, predation on a bison, Bison bison, calf in Yellowstone National Park (Sheldon, J.W. et al., 2009)

Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, USA (Laundre, J.W. et al., 2001)

Wolf–bison interactions in Yellowstone National Park (Smith, D.W. et al., 2000)

Responses of bison on their calving grounds to predation by wolves in Wood Buffalo National Park (Carbyn, L. & Trottier, T., 1987)

European bison (Bison bonasus)

Birth and mortality rate of European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L1758) population (Urosevic, M. et al., 2022)

The reintroduction analysis of European bison (Bison bonasus L., 1758) in the north of Romania and the identification of the most favourable locations (Dănilă, G. et al., 2022)

New data on the evolutionary history of the European bison (Bison bonasus) based on subfossil remains from Southeastern Europe (Neov, B. et al., 2021)

Forest floor plant diversity drives the use of mature spruce forests by European bison (Jaroszewic, B. et al., 2020)

Past climate changes, population dynamics and the origin of bison in Europe (Diyendo, M. et al., 2016)

Scavenging on European bison carcasses in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (eastern Poland) (Selva, N. et al., 2003)

Food eaten by the free-living European bison in Białowieża Forest (Gębczyńska, Z. et al., 1991)

Wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Beauty and the beast: multiple effects of wild boar rooting on butterfly microhabitat (Labadessa, R. & Ancillotto, L., 2023)

Changing patterns of conflict between humans, carnivores and crop-raiding prey as large carnivores recolonize human-dominated landscapes (Davoli, M. et al., 2022)

Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape (Weterings, M.J.A. et al., 2022)

Functional differences in scavenger communities and the speed of carcass decomposition (Wenting, E. et al., 2022)

Spatio-temporal behaviour of female wild boar in an agro-forestry-pastoral landscape of Southern Italy (Gaudiano, L. et al., 2022)

Evaluation of the presence of ASFV in wolf feces collected from areas in Poland with ASFV persistence (Szewczyk, M. et al., 2021)

Habitat correlates of wild boar density and rooting along an environmental gradient (Ferretti, F. et al., 2021)

Observation of rescue behaviour in wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Masilkova, M. et al., 2021)

Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions (Karimi, S. et al., 2020)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

Variability of daily space use in wild boar Sus scrofa (Johann, F. et al., 2020)

Rapid establishment of teat order and allonursing in wild boar (Sus scrofa) (Arnold, L.C. et al., 2019)

Wolves contribute to disease control in a multi-host system (Tanner, E. et al., 2019)

The influence of wild boar (Sus scrofa) on microhabitat quality for the endangered butterfly Pyrgus malvae in the Netherlands (De Schaetzen, F. et al., 2018)

An analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting the activity of a nocturnal species: The wild boar (Brivio, F. et al., 2017)

Wild boar impact to the natural regeneration of oak and acorn importance in its diet (Zeman, J. et al., 2016)

Wild boar rooting intensity determines shifts in understorey composition and functional traits (Burrascano, S. et al., 2015)

Is wild boar heading towards movement ecology? A review of trends and gaps (Morelle, K. et al., 2014)

Fluctuating food resources influence developmental plasticity in wild boar (Gamelon, M. et al., 2013)

Rewilding the Scottish Highlands: Do wild boar, Sus scrofa, use a suitable foraging strategy to be effective ecosystem engineers? (Sandom, C.J. & Hughes, J., 2013)

The Balkans and the colonization of Europe: The post-glacial range expansion of the wild boar, Sus scrofa (Alexandri, P. et al., 2012)

Inter-specific synchrony of two contrasting ungulates: Wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Mysterud, A. et al., 2007)

Environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in Poland (Borowik, T. et al., 2003)

Presence of free-living wild boar Sus scrofa in southern England (Goulding, M.J. et al., 2003)

Seasonal and annual variations in earthworm consumption by wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) (Baubet, E. et al., 2003)

Timing and distance of natal dispersal for wild boar Sus scrofa in Sweden (Truvé, J. & Lemel, J., 2003)

Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland) (Jedrzejewski, W. et al., 2002)

Wild boar social groupings and their seasonal changes in the Camargue, southern France (Dardaillon, M., 1987)

Changes in soil properties of forests rooted by wild boar (Lacki, M.J. & Lancia, R.A., 1983)

Cervids (Cervidae)

Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape (Weterings, M.J.A. et al., 2022)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

Deer management and biodiversity in England: The efficacy and ethics of culling (Leadbeater, S., 2011)

The role of predation in disease control: A comparison of selective and nonselective removal on prion disease dynamics in deer (Wild, M.A. et al., 2011)

Ancestral feeding state of ruminants reconsidered: earliest grazing adaptation claims a mixed condition for Cervidae (DeMiguel, D. et al., 2008)

Can contraception control deer populations in the UK? (Green, P., 2007)

Environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in Poland (Borowik, T. et al., 2003)

The impact of deer on lowland woodland invertebrates: A review of the evidence and priorities for future research (Stewart, A., 2001)

The impact of deer on woodlands: The effects of browsing and seed dispersal on vegetation structure and composition (Gill, R.M.A. & Beardall, V., 2001)

Fallow deer (Dama dama)

Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape (Weterings, M.J.A. et al., 2022)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland (Obidziński, A. et al., 2012)

Dietary preferences and ruminal protozoal populations in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) (Trabalza Marinucci, M. et al., 2010)

Elk (Cervus canadensis)

Fluctuations in age structure and their variable influence on population growth (Hoy, S.R. et al., 2019)

Weak spatiotemporal response of prey to predation risk in a freely interacting system (Cusack, J.J. et al., 2019)

Diel predator activity drives a dynamic landscape of fear (Kohl, M.T. et al., 2018)

Factors affecting gray wolf (Canis lupus) encounter rate with elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park (Martin, H.W. et al., 2018)

Predator foraging response to a resurgent dangerous prey (Tallian, A. et al., 2017)

Trophic cascades in a multicausal world: Isle Royale and Yellowstone (Peterson, R.O. et al., 2014)

Trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in Yellowstone (Ripple, W.J. et al., 2013)

Nonlinear effects of group size on the success of wolves hunting elk (Macnulty, D.R. et al., 2012)

Trophic cascades in Yellowstone: The first 15 years after wolf reintroduction (Ripple, W.J. & Beschta, R.L., 2011)

Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States (Beschta, R.L. & Ripple, W.J., 2009)

Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk (Creel, S. et al., 2008)

Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park, Canada (Beschta, R.L. & Ripple, W.J., 2007)

North American elk bugle vocalizations: Male and female bugle call structure and context (Feighny, J.A. et al., 2006)

Prey risk allocation in a grazing ecosystem (Gude, J.A. et al., 2006)

Responses of elk herd size to fine-scale spatial and temporal variation in the risk of predation by wolves (Creel, S. & Winnie Jr., J.A., 2004)

Cottonwoods, elk, and wolves in the Lamar Valley of Yellowstone National Park (Beschta, R.L., 2003)

Predation risk and the functional response of elk-aspen herbivory (White, C. et al., 2003)

Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? (Childress, M.J. & Lung, M.A., 2002)

Trophic cascades among wolves, elk and aspen on Yellowstone National Park’s northern range (Ripple, W.J. et al., 2001)

Wolves, elk, and bison: reestablishing the “landscape of fear” in Yellowstone National Park, USA (Laundre, J.W. et al., 2001)

Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA (Ripple, W.J. & Larsen. E.J., 2000)

Sexual segregation and density-related changes in habitat use in male and female red deer (Cervus elaphus) (Clutton-Brock, T. et al., 1987)

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)

Predators reduce niche overlap between sympatric prey (Dellinger, J.A. et al., 2022)

Red deer (Cervus elaphus)

Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape (Weterings, M.J.A. et al., 2022)

Ageing red deer alter their spatial behaviour and become less social (Albery, G.F. et al., 2021)

Olfactory cues of large carnivores modify red deer behavior and browsing intensity (van Beeck Calkoen, S.T.S. et al., 2021)

Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions (Karimi, S. et al., 2020)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

The importance of individual movement and feeding behaviour for long-distance seed dispersal by red deer: a data-driven model (Wright, S.J. et al., 2020)

Large herbivores in novel ecosystems – Habitat selection by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a former brown-coal mining area (Müller, A. et al., 2017)

The impacts of landscape structure on the winter movements and habitat selection of female red deer (Allen, A.M. et al., 2014)

Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland (Obidziński, A. et al., 2012)

Contrasting migration tendencies of sympatric red deer and roe deer suggest multiple causes of migration in ungulates (Mysterud, A. et al., 2012)

The red deer rut revisited: female excursions but no evidence females move to mate with preferred males (Stopher, K.V. et al., 2011)

Spatial patterns of accumulated browsing and its relevance for management of red deer Cervus elaphus (Mysterud, A. et al., 2010)

Factors affecting beech Fagus sylvatica bark stripping by red deer Cervus elaphus in a mixed forest (Saint-Andrieux, C. et al., 2009)

Seasonal variation in diet composition and similarity of sympatric red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Storms, D. et al., 2009)

Free-ranging red deer hinds show greater attentiveness to roars with formant frequencies typical of young males (Charlton, B.D. et al., 2008)

Seasonal variation in diet composition and similarity of sympatric red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Storms, D. et al., 2008)

Antler size in red deer: Heritability and selection but no evolution (Kruuk, L.E.B. et al., 2007)

Lifetime reproductive success and density-dependent, multi-variable resource selection (McLoughlin, P.D. et al., 2006)

Spatial variation of summer diet of red deer Cervus elaphus in the eastern Swiss Alps (Suter, W. et al., 2004)

The demographic consequences of releasing a population of red deer from culling (Coulson, T. et al., 2004)

Variation in harem size of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.): The effects of adult sex ratio and age-structure (Bonenfant, C. et al., 2004)

Environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in Poland (Borowik, T. et al., 2003)

Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland) (Jedrzejewski, W. et al., 2002)

Red deer females collect on male clumps at mating areas (Carranza, J. & Valencia, J., 1999)

Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer and red deer in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland (Okarma, H. et al., 1997)

European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)

Context-dependent responses of naïve ungulates to wolf-sound playback in a human-dominated landscape (Weterings, M.J.A. et al., 2022)

Pan-European phylogeography of the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Plis, K. et al., 2022)

Exploring the social network of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in captivity (Brucks, D. et al., 2021)

Habitat-related differences in winter presence and spring-summer activity of roe deer in Warsaw (Jasińska, K. et al., 2021)

Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions (Karimi, S. et al., 2020)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

Same habitat types but different use: evidence of context-dependent habitat selection in roe deer across populations (William, G. et al., 2018)

Territorial behaviour of male roe deer: a telemetry study of spatial behaviour and activity levels (Pagon, N. et al., 2017)

Adaptive parameters of the diet of roe deer in a coastal Mediterranean area (Minder, I., 2015)

Do relatives like to stay closer? Spatial organization and genetic relatedness in a mountain roe deer population (Biosa, D. et al., 2015)

European roe deer increase vigilance when faced with immediate predation risk by Eurasian lynx (Eccard, J. et a., 2015)

Natural forage composition decreases deer browsing on Picea abies around supplemental feeding sites (Garrido, P. et al., 2014)

Parturition date for a given female is highly repeatable within five roe deer populations (Plard, F. et al., 2013)

Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland (Obidziński, A. et al., 2012)

Contrasting migration tendencies of sympatric red deer and roe deer suggest multiple causes of migration in ungulates (Mysterud, A. et al., 2012)

Life at the edge: Roe deer occurrence at the opposite ends of their geographical distribution, Norway and Portugal (Torres, R.T. et al., 2012)

Ranging behaviour of roe deer in an experimental high-density population: Are females territorial? (Maublanc, M.-L. et al., 2012)

Bed-site selection by European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in southern Norway during winter (Mysterud, A. & Østbye, E., 2011)

Dietary preferences and ruminal protozoal populations in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) (Trabalza Marinucci, M. et al., 2010)

Age-specific variation in male breeding success of a territorial ungulate species, the European roe deer (Vanpé, C. et al., 2009)

Seasonal variation in diet composition and similarity of sympatric red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Storms, D. et al., 2009)

Going out to mate: Excursion behaviour of female roe deer (Lovari, S. et al., 2008)

Seasonal variation in diet composition and similarity of sympatric red deer Cervus elaphus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Storms, D. et al., 2008)

Inter-specific synchrony of two contrasting ungulates: Wild boar (Sus scrofa) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (Mysterud, A. et al., 2007)

Lifetime reproductive success and composition of the home range in a large herbivore (McLoughlin, P.D. et al., 2007)

Age-specific reproductive behaviours in male roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Melis, C. et al., 2005)

Habitat improvement and effects on brown hare Lepus europaeus and roe deer Capreolus capreolus: a case study in northern Italy (Genghini, M. & Capizzi, D., 2005)

Predation by wolves (Canis lupus) on roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in north-eastern Apennine, Italy (Mattioli, L. et al., 2004)

The roe deer diet: Is floodplain forest optimal habitat? (Barančeková M., 2004)

Environmental factors shaping ungulate abundances in Poland (Borowik, T. et al., 2003)

Diet composition of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in the Natural Park of the Garrotxa Volcanic Zone (Catalonia, Spain) (Bartolomé, J. et al., 2002)

Kill rates and predation by wolves on ungulate populations in Bialowieza Primeval Forest (Poland) (Jedrzejewski, W. et al., 2002)

Factors affecting maternal care in an income breeder, the European roe deer (Andersen, R. et al., 2001)

Growth of European roe deer: Patterns and rates (Portier, C. et al., 2000)

Scale-dependent trade-offs in foraging by European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during winter (Mysterud, A. et al., 1999)

Effects of snow depth on food and habitat selection by roe deer Capreolus capreolus along an altitudinal gradient in south-central Norway (Mysterud, A. et al., 1997)

Predation of Eurasian lynx on roe deer and red deer in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland (Okarma, H. et al., 1997)

Are European roe deer browsers? A review of variations in the composition of their diets (Tixier, H. & Duncan, P., 1996)

Bed-site selection by adult roe deer Capreolus capreolus in southern Norway during summer (Mysterud, A., 1996)

Habitat use and ecological correlates of home range size in a small cervid: the roe deer (Tufto, J. et al., 1996)

Contrasting dispersal patterns in two Scandinavian roe deer Capreolus capreolus populations (Wahlström, L.K. & Liberg, O., 1995)

Effects of age and sex on space occupation by European roe deer (Bideau, E. et al., 1993)

Food availability as a factor in habitat use by roe deer (Cibien, C. & Sempere, A., 1989)

Influence of habitat characteristics on winter social organisation in field roe deer (Cibien, C. et al., 1989)

Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus)

Relative abundance of roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) related to overstory structure and understory food resources in Northeast China (Wang, L. et al., 2023)

Identifying and evaluating the ecological network of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) in the Tieli Forestry Bureau, Northeast China (Feng, H. et al., 2021)

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Cumulative effects of human footprint, natural features and predation risk best predict seasonal resource selection by white-tailed deer (Darlington, S. et al., 2022)

Predators reduce niche overlap between sympatric prey (Dellinger, J.A. et al., 2022)

Behaviorally‑mediated trophic cascade attenuated by prey use of risky places at safe times (Palmer, M. et al., 2020)

Ethical management of wildlife. Lethal versus nonlethal control of white-tailed deer (Gamborg, C. et al., 2020)

Sixty years of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) yarding in a gray wolf (Canis lupus)–deer system (Mech, L.D. & Barber-Meyer, S., 2019)

Estimates of white-tailed deer density in Voyageurs National Park: 1989-2016 (Gable, T. et al., 2017)

Positive interactions between herbivores and plant diversity shape forest regeneration (Cook-Patton, S.C. et al., 2014)

Ungulate winter habitat selection as a driver of herbaceous-layer heterogeneity in northern temperate forests (Jensen, N.R. et al., 2011)

Herbivory enhances positive effects of plant genotypic diversity (Parker, J.D. et al., 2010)

Wolf and bear predation on white-tailed deer fawns in northeastern Minnesota (Kunkel, K.E. & Mech, L.D., 1994)

Relationship between snow depth and gray wolf predation on white-tailed deer (Nelson, M.E. & Mech, L.D., 1986)

Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota (Nelson, M.E. & Mech, L.D., 1981)

Feral donkey (Equus asinus)

Fertility control and the welfare of free-roaming horses and burros on U.S. public lands: The need for an ethical framing (Rutberg, A.T. et al., 2022)

Feral horses (Equus ferus caballus)

Fertility control and the welfare of free-roaming horses and burros on U.S. public lands: The need for an ethical framing (Rutberg, A.T. et al., 2022)

Effects of seven consecutive years of Porcine Zona Pellucida contraception on ovarian function in feral mares (Kirkpatrick, J.F. et al., 2018)

Moose (Alces alces)

Is endozoochoric seed dispersal by large herbivores an evolutionary adaptation? Revisiting the Janzen’s ‘Foliage is the fruit’ hypothesis (Jaroszewicz, B. et al., 2023)

Aquatic areas provide high nitrogen forage for moose (Alces alces) in Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, USA (Tischler, K.B. et al., 2022)

Efficacy of killing large carnivores to enhance moose harvests: New insights from a long-term view (Miller, S.D. et al., 2022)

Macronutrient balancing in free-ranging populations of moose (Felton, A.M. et al., 2021)

The declining occurrence of moose (Alces alces) at the southernmost edge of its range raise conservation concerns (Janík, T. et al., 2021)

Disturbance by large herbivores in boreal forests with special reference to moose (Persson, I.-L. et al., 2020)

Fifty years of European ungulate dietary studies: a synthesis (Spitzer, R. et al., 2020)

Population dynamics and range shifts of moose (Alces alces) during the Late Quaternary (Meiri, M. et al., 2020)

Calving and post-calving habitat use of female moose in two contrasting landscapes (Melin, M. et al., 2019)

Fluctuations in age structure and their variable influence on population growth (Hoy, S.R. et al., 2019)

An historical overview and update of wolf–moose interactions in Northeastern Minnesota (Mech, L.D., 2018)

Moose movement rates are altered by wolf presence in two ecosystems (Ditmer, M.A., et al., 2018)

Predator foraging response to a resurgent dangerous prey (Tallian, A. et al., 2017)

The influence of plant defensive chemicals, diet composition, and winter severity on the nutritional condition of a free-ranging, generalist herbivore (Parikh, G.L. et al., 2016)

Trophic cascades in a multicausal world: Isle Royale and Yellowstone (Peterson, R.O. et al., 2014)

Where wolves kill moose: The influence of prey life history dynamics on the landscape ecology of predation (Montongery, R.A. et al., 2014)

Multi-trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey (Courbin, N. et al., 2013)

Habitat quality influences population distribution, individual space use and functional responses in habitat selection by a large herbivore (Bjørneraas, K. et al., 2012)

The causes and consequences of partial prey consumption by wolves preying on moose (Vucetich, J.A. et al., 2012)

Summer kill rates and predation pattern in a wolf-moose system: Can we rely on winter estimates? (Sand, H. et al., 2008)

Partial migration by large ungulates: characteristics of seasonal moose Alces alces ranges in northern Sweden (Ball, J.P. et al., 2001)

Kill rates by wolves on moose in Yukon (Hayes, R.D. et al., 2000)

Moose, trees, and ground-living invertebrates: Indirect interactions in Swedish pine forests (Suominen, O. et al., 1999)

Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale (McLaren, B.E. & Peterson, R., 1995)

Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)

Proportion of calves and adult muskoxen, Ovibos moschatus killed by gray wolves, Canis lupus, in July on Ellesmere Island (Mech, L.D., 2010)

Possible use of foresight, understanding, and planning by wolves hunting muskoxen (Mech, L.D., 2007)

Decline and recovery of a high arctic wolf-prey system (Mech, L.D., 2005)

The killing of a bull muskox by a single wolf (Gray, D.R., 1970)

Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

No statistical support for wolf control and maternal penning as conservation measures for endangered mountain caribou (Harding, L.E. et al., 2020)

Slowing down wolves to protect boreal caribou populations: a spatial simulation model of linear feature restoration (Spangenberg, M.C. et al., 2019)

Multi-trophic resource selection function enlightens the behavioural game between wolves and their prey (Courbin, N. et al., 2013)

Mortality and survival of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) calves in northern Finland (Nieminen, M. et al., 2009)

Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)

Initial effects of reintroduced wolves Canis lupus on bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis dynamics in Yellowstone National Park (White, P.J. et al., 2008)

Ungulates (Ungulata)

Wolf predation and ungulate populations (Pimlott, D.H., 2015)

Dietary preferences and ruminal protozoal populations in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and mouflon (Ovis musimon) (Trabalza Marinucci, M. et al., 2010)

Wildebeest (Connochaetes)

Group formation stabilizes predator-prey dynamics (Fryxell, J.M. et al., 2007)